Great Gatsby Essays (754 words) - The Great Gatsby, Nike, Inc.

Great Gatsby In today society, many people like to follow the current. They want to catch the wave. Which mean, it does not matter if things were good or bad, right or wrong, they just follow and do them without any thinking. Therefore, there are not too many people would like to be a normal, thoughtful nor neutral person. However, in the novel, The Great Gatsby, by Scott Fitzgerald, one of the character name is Nike Carroway, he was the good and neutral narrator. It was because, in the novel, he analyzed all of the things with regard to accuracy of observation. In The Great Gatsby, when Mr.Gatsby told Vick he wanted to return the past over again with his lover- Daisy, Nike Carroway warned him to give it up, because it was impossible. Unforturately, Mr.Gatsby was not believe it. So at the end, Mr.Gatsby's dream still had not came true because Daisy did not break up with Tom and go with him. It can be seen in the last chapter on the novel, when Gatsby was murder, Daisy went to somewhere else with her husband, and did not go to Gatsby's funeray. I called up Daisy half and hour after we found him, called her instinctively and without hersitation. But she and Tom had gone away early that afternoon, and taken baggage with them. Therefore, Nike Carroway's analysis was right by these clear observation. However, Nike Carroway is a good narrator, he sees everything happen and does not trust everybody easily. So during the people discuss about something at a time, he does not believe it is true. After he proves it, he will accept the truth. Moreover, when Nike went to Gatsby's party, there is a drunk lady telling everyone Gatsby killed a man before. Somebody told me they thought he killed a man once. Also, there is one more lady said that Gatsby was a German spy: It is more that he was a German spy during the war. Nike heard it, but when Nike had a chance to have a lunch with Gatsby, he told Nike, he was an Oxford man and show him that fought in World War One. Then Nike knew Gatsby was not a German Spy nor a murderer. Furthermore, at the end of the novel, when Daisy drove Gatsby's car and killed Mrs.Wilson in a car accident, Nike's first though Gatsby killed Mrs.Wilson. But after Gatsby told him all of the things at that moment, then Nike was thinking and discuss between Gatsby and Tom's speaking, and make his own conclusion. Therefore, Nike was a thoughtful man and his is not afraid to face anything around him. By these facts, he had a clear mind and reliable in his observations, so it can make people believe Nike Carroways was a neutral and clear mind narrator of this novel, because this can be seen in Nike's personality. In the novel, Nike was also a neutral narrator too becasue he is the narrator who described everything clearly and accurately. He was trustful because he described everything without any personal point of view; By the way, throughout the whole story, he didn't defenses for any characters nor put any of his self-feeling in it. That's why he is a character who strived for neutrality. On the other hand, when Mr.Gatsby tells Tom that Daisy will leave Tom because she loves Tom no more, it's full of fire's atomsphere and emotion. " I've got something to tell you, old sport- " began Gatsby. But Daisy guessed at his intention. " Please don't!" she interrupted helplessly." Please let's all go home. Why don't we all go home?" " That's a good idea." I got up. " Come on, Tom. Nobody wants a drink." " I want to know what Mr.Gatsby has to tell me." " Your wife doesn't love you," said Gatsby. "She's never loved you. She loves me." At that time, if Nike was not in a neutral position, he must help Gatsby or Tom. But, he did not join in the argument between Gatsby and Tom. He just put himself in a corner, keeping quiet and see whatelse would happened in page 131 to page 135. Therefore, we can see that Nike was a neutral man and a narrator who just care on the truth observation for sure in here. It is so clear that Nike was a trustful man, so, by his unjustice information, and his truthful and accurate observation, the reader were sure that he is standing on

Psycho is without doubt a masterpiece Essays

Psycho is without doubt a masterpiece Essays Psycho is without doubt a masterpiece Essay Psycho is without doubt a masterpiece Essay The director, Hitchcock, deliberately used many devices and techniques to inject suspense and horror into the audience. One way that he did this was by using clever camera angles. Another was how he made use of fast-moving camera angles and sound to a good effect. One of the factors that makes Psycho a good film was that it is not predictable, for instance the main character and biggest star in the film, dies a third of the way into the film, plus all through the film little red herrings and unexpected plot twists are thrown in eg. the money was a red herring. All the red herrings and twists improve the film and make it more tense. Hitchcock was a master at positioning the camera angle, he could get it so that it could create suspense and horror and not give anything away at the same time. Another noticeable style of Hitchcocks was the speed that everything went at, all the horror and scary parts were built up slowly and werent sudden. Hitchcock built up the anxiety and tenseness with scenes like the scene with Marion driving out of Phoenix and seeing her boss crossing the road and the scene with the policeman. During the shower scene, Hitchcock cleverly puts high pitch screeches in time with the stabbing of the knife; this giving a chilling effect on the audience. He also changes the camera angles very fast during this scene, especially when the killer is actually stabbing Marion, the camera switches between them very quickly as he changed the camera angle over 50 times in about a minutes footage. Hitchcock cleverly concealed the killers face behind the shower curtain and as we see them creep up to the shower, this creates a sense of horror and suspense for the audience. After the curtain has been pulled back, the camera quickly looks at the whole of Marions face so that it takes the whole of the screen up and she unleashes a horrific scream but this has a greater effect due to the whole face shot. The blood, pouring down the plughole, is a recurring motif that Hitchcock uses, it symbolises the bottomless holes also shown in the swamps Norman used to hide the bodies. The blood was also the main reason for the movie being in black and white rather than colour because Hitchcock knew that it wouldnt pass the censors if it was in colour. Another show of symbolism was the eyes of Norman when he was peeping into Marions room and Marions eyes when the camera slowly moves out from in the shower, immediately after the murder. Hitchcocks style is definitely slow whilst building up suspense and conning the audience to think and feel what he wants, this is shown when Norman is clearing up after the murder, he is doing so very slowly and methodically, so that the atmosphere is very tense and the audience are manipulated into wanting Norman to succeed in cleaning up the evidence because they see him as a scared young man protecting his mother and they think that he wouldnt hurt anyone. The scene with Arbogasts death is a fine example of Hitchcocks excellent directing. He started by showing another full face shot whilst he is taking off his hat and this makes him look more vulnerable. Then, slowly and building suspense, he climbs the stairs and he is looking about nervously and the music is changing pitch and speed quickly giving the impression that the killer could jump out at any moment and then, when he is at the top and the killer does jump out, Hitchcock used a clever crane shot to hide the killers face and show all the horrors of the murder at the same time. He continued, for more effect by keeping the full face shot as Arbogast fell down the stairs and then switched to the side view from the floor as the killer finished him off. Hitchcock used other scenes to cause tenseness and suspense, mostly before the first death, like the traffic policeman scene and the car salesman scene. The policeman was quite a sinister looking character, mostly because he wore glasses and you couldnt see his eyes. Also, he had a very unemotional face with only one facial expression. The car salesman scene was tense because of Marions suspicious behaviour and the policeman watching her. Hitchcock used his skill as a director to create suspense and tension by using clever camera angles, fast moving shots, a slow pace of building up to an event and sound all to a great effect. A further example of this is when Lila is looking around the house and she is moving very slowly around upstairs and Hitchcock is using shots reflected from a mirror. This is meant to confuse the audience and spook them. When she goes down to the cellar, this is where the fast editing and sound comes into the equation. Also, Hitchcock used a swinging light bulb to cast light and dark on the set; this was real genius as it increased the horror. One last example of Hitchcocks fine directing was at the very end when Norman was sitting in the police station and the camera was zooming in close to his face, just as the scene was about to change, he merged the skull of mother slightly with his face; this was obviously because he wanted the face to stick in the mind of the audience and haunt them. Overa ll, Hitchcock used a combination of camera trickery and admirable symbolism to produce a suspense classic that, not only is popular forty years on, but has inspired other more recent horror films.

Wireless LAN Technology and its construction Essay

Wireless LAN Technology and its construction - Essay Example This report presents a clear comparison between the products that are available and the kind of usage that is possible with them. While some of the standards are stable and are usable in multiple environments, it is not the same with equipments that comply to a different standard. The report also presents advantages - disadvantages map between the standards that are existing and the reason why there is so many. We have also listed the security issues that plague the usage of WLANs. Most of the Wireless LAN devices work under IEEE (Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) standards. All the standardization started with 802.11 standards released by IEEE. Wireless LAN uses the radio waves for transmitting data from one to the other. It uses different frequencies for transmitting and receiving. The 802.11 laid down the rules for the communication protocol and specified which of the layers in OSI (Open System Interconnection model)23 are modifiable in case of WLAN. This paved way for changes in specific layers in OSI namely, the physical and the data link layers. In the initial stages of the development, the WLAN supported transmission at 2 MBPS (Mega Bits Per Sec) speed levels. When devices were built under this standard, they could maximum reach only these speeds. However new standards were introduced which goes up to 5.5 MBPS and 11 MBPS, in lieu of the original 1 and 2 MBPS that was achieved earlier. By 1999, it was amended and was expected to support 54 MBPS maximum and they were working at a clock rate of 5GHz. While the first set of standards was called only 802.11, the later ones came to be known as 802.11b and 802.11a. While 'a' is able to operate at a higher frequency, namely, 5 GHz (Giga Hertz), it is able to run it a higher speed than that of 'b'. WLAN implementations come up in multiple modes of operation. The equipments could be operating on a peer-to-peer mode or ad hoc mode. In this mode, the devices, could be PCs, communicate between them after recognizing each others presence. This is comfortable where one mobile unit has to communicate to another mobile unit over a WLAN. It is single, one-to-one and reasonably fast. No other needs be met under this methodology of operation. The second mode of operation is the common one, that through the Wireless Access Point. These access points connect multiple devices over the wireless network to a networked Ethernet connectivity. On one side the Access Point is a wireless switch and on the other it is Ethernet connectivity. This will help in connecting up like router or a switch multiple terminals to the Ethernet port. Access Points offer more than one technologies. Wi-Fi or Wireless Fidelity is one of the most commonly used wireless system in vogue. WiFi is a system that works with RF frequencies going up to 5.2Ghz. This means that we can have distances of up to 2 kilometers covered

The New Deal for 18-24 year olds (New labour deal) Essay

The New Deal for 18-24 year olds (New labour deal) - Essay Example It offers help for 18-24 year olds who have been unemployed for about six months. Its ultimate aim is to reduce employment by helping young people to get jobs and assist them in many other possible ways. Everyone on New Deal gets a personal adviser who is his or her point of contact throughout the programme. The personal adviser is appointed to understand you, let you share your experiences, interests and goals. The idea is to get you into a suitable job. Its aim is to meet your needs of finding and keeping a job, or becoming self-employed. New Deal for Young People gives you a chance to take the skills and experience you may have already and polish them to create better opportunities for work. New Deal help people with job search, skills acquisition, work experience, and so on. The main aim for the deal was to reduce the unemployment outflow rates, and how far it has succeeded in this aim will remain dependent on the facts and figure to decide. According to the research by (Anderton bob, Riley Rebecca and Young Garry, 1999) 1. While unemployment was lower in the first half of 1998 than it had been in the first half of 1996 for all age and duration categories, it had fallen by more in the pathfinder than the comparison areas. The largest relative decline was for 18-24year olds who had been unemployed for more than 6 months (the target group). ... 2. Outflows from unemployment in the pathfinder areas relative to the comparison areas clearly rose for the target group. There is also evidence of a rise in relative outflows of older long term unemployed. 3. Outflow rates from unemployment were generally higher in the first half of 1998 compared to the first half of 1996. The outflow rates of the target group rose substantially in the pathfinder areas. 4. While outflow rates were generally higher in the first half of 1998 than two years earlier, the increase was more marked in the pathfinder areas for virtually all age and duration categories. 5. Inflows to unemployment were generally lower in the first half of 1998 compared to the first half of 1996. This pattern was common to both the pathfinder and comparison areas. Another briefing (Briefing document, May 2004) argues that the New Deal has, overall, been successful. It discuss that however there have been some successes but that was in some part of the country. It mainly focuses on some major groups, more particularly the black ethnic groups has gain less from the new deal than any one else. It states that Britain has the problem of racial inequality in employment. "Black and minority ethnic people are more than twice as likely to be unemployed as white British people. There is a gap of nearly 17 percentage points in employment rates." Says the report. According to (tutor2u) Data on New Deal, participants published in the autumn of 2000 showed that up to the end of July 2000, over 518,000 people had passed through the New Deal scheme, 402,000 have left leaving 116,000 currently on the programme. 237,040 young people had entered employment. Of which 180,600 were in sustained jobs, and 56,440 in jobs lasting less than 13 weeks. 79,000

The Parior and The Cub Scout Pack Cause Studies Assignment

The Parior and The Cub Scout Pack Cause Studies - Assignment Example The theory seeks to establish a balance between the employee and the employer to this effect and aids in the development of a strong bond and working relation between the two parties that will sustain for a longer period and ensure that proper working relationship leads to satisfaction on both ends. The employer obtains the necessary service they need from the employees who also provide the employer with the service expecting a payment as a reward for their hard work. These results base majorly on the motivation aspect of the employees and leads to better decisions in managing employees. Relating to the theory by Adam, subtle factors and some that may vary over time affect an employee’s consideration of the relationship they share with the employer and could result into challenges in working together leading to failed relationships that will also lead to poor returns for the company. Employees become much de-motivated considering their inputs and the outputs. They become affec ted mentally if their inputs fail to reach their outputs that may lead to the development of resistance in the employees, disgruntled associations develop with less efforts used by employees in their work environment. These may also lead to industrial actions that may result from the de-motivation aspect that may cause more losses to the company. In the case of McCarthy, reducing costs in favor of his income was for the best of the organization making it more profitable with fewer costs as the agreement between him and Purvis. The agreement led to the development of a program that would terminally increase the earnings of the employee through cutting costs. The employee changed meet suppliers and worked towards the lowering of the general costs through reduction of the size of nearly every item on the menu. McCarthy did this in favor of the reduced costs that resulted. The actions

Importance of the Handicraft Industry

Importance of the Handicraft Industry Introduction Handicrafts are unique expressions and represent a culture, tradition and heritage of a country. The Handicraft Industry is one of the important productive sector. Various attempts have been made to define this broad and diversified industry. The following definition strives to cover diversity and complexity of Handicraft Industry. Defining Handicrafts: Definition According to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization/Information Technology Community (UNESCO/ITC) International Symposium on Crafts and the International Market: Trade and Customs Codification, Manila, Philippines, October 1997:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Products which are produced either completely by hand or with the help of tools. Mechanical tools may be used as long as the direct manual contribution of the artisan remains the most substantial component of the finished product. Handicrafts are made from raw materials and can be produced in unlimited numbers. Such products can be utilitarian, aesthetic, artistic, creative, culturally attached, decorative, functional, traditional, religiously and socially symbolic and significant. Definition according to Govt. of India: Product which is made by hand; should have some artistic value; they may or may not have functional utility. The Importance of Handicrafts The Cultural Importance: Handicrafts play very important role in representing the culture and traditions of any country or region. Handicrafts are a substantial medium to preserve of rich traditional art, heritage and culture, traditional skills and talents which are associated with peoples lifestyle and history. The Economic Importance: Handicrafts are hugely important in terms of economic development. They provide ample opportunities for employment even with low capital investments and become a prominent medium for foreign earnings India is a country of rich culture, history and traditions. India is one of the major producer and supplier of Handicrafts products in the world. India has been major producer and supplier of handicrafts products since very long time. Before the industrial development, this art and industry was a potential economic advantage for the country. During recent years, the importance of handicrafts has been surged due to their cultural and financial values. The small scale industries including handicrafts can play a major role in the development of the economy of both developed and the developing countries equally. The 90-95% of the total industrial products of the world are produced in small workshops run by less than 100 people. For instance, Japan, which is at the peak of the economic development, has considered 84% of the its industries as small and medium scale industries. In countries such as India and China, handicrafts are as high as the mechanized products in quality and volume, and are a major source of their foreign earnings. These countries are focusing on the development of handicraft industry, in order to strengthen the economy. The Indian handicrafts industry is highly labor intensive, cottage based and decentralized industry. The industry is spread all over the country mainly in rural and urban areas. Most of the manufacturing units are located in rural and small towns, and there is huge market potential in all Indian cities and abroad. Handicraft industry is a major source of income for rural communities employing over six million artisans including a large number of women and people belonging to the weaker sections of the society. The Handicraft sector is highly creative sector and produces large variety of crafts products. This industry is localized segment of the domestic and international market. In India the production of craft products are done on both large and small scale. Because of low capital investment people can start their business on small scale. Through this flexibility the demand and supply can be managed. Though Indian Handicraft industry is considered a cottage industry, but it has evolved as one of the major revenue generator over the years. There has been consistent growth of 15% over few years and the industry has evolved as one of the major contributor for export and foreign revenue generation. There is huge demand for the Indian Handicraft products in both national and international market. To match the demand and supply with quality, there is need to have greater technological support and innovativeness with the uniqueness in industry. Key Facts Of Indian Handicrafts Industry Indias rich cultural diversity and heritage provides a unique and huge resource for developing craft products. The Indian Handicraft Industry is showing continuous growth rate of 20% every year. Handicrafts industry is one of the important segment of decentralized sector in India. Major parts of industry operates in rural and semi urban areas throughout the country and has potential Indian and International market with around 67000 exporters to tap the market. According to the national census of handicrafts, undertaken by the National Council for Applied Economic Research the value of handicrafts produced last year were of Rs.26,213 Crore. This Industry provides huge employment opportunities to artisans that include women and people belonging to backward and weaker society. This is one of the major source of income there. The Indian Handicraft Industry is a $100 billion industry worldwide. Indias contribution in world market is 1.2% The total exports of crafts items: Rs. 13412.92 Crore. Industrys share in Indias exports:- 1.51 % In spite of having diversified products, some part of Indian market are still untapped and market is price sensitive. Products are high priced in big and metro cities, which are beyond, reach of people belonging middle and lower middle class. Craft producers have to compete on price, quality and delivery for different segments. There is poor promotion for craft products in national market. There is lack of awareness about new traditions and among craftsmen and there is need of technological support and training. Classification Handicrafts industry comprises diversified products portfolio and there is large variety available in market. Handicrafts products can be distinguished into following: Metal ware, Wood ware, Hand printed textiles, Embroidered and crocheted goods, Shawls, Carpets, Bamboo products Zari goods, Imitation jewellery Paintings, Earthenware, Jute products, Marble Sculpture, Bronze Sculpture Leather Products and other miscellaneous handicrafts. Handicraft industry in India is spread throughout the country with greater concentration in rural and suburban areas of country. Metal ware and Bronze sculpture: Major Manufacturing units are located in Moradabad, Sambhal, Aligarh, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Delhi, Thanjavur, Jagadhari etc. Wooden artware and sculpture: Major Manufacturing units are located in Sharanpur, Nagina, Hoshiarpur, Srinagar, Amritsar, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bangalore, Mysore, Behrampur etc. Embroidered item: Manufacturing Units are located in Kutch, Jaisalmer, Baroda, Lucknow, Jodhpur, Agra, Amritsar, Kullu and Srinagar. Marble and soft stones crafts:Agra, Madras, Bastar and Jodhpur are famous for these craft products. Paper Crafts: These manufacturing units are located in places of Kashmir and Jaipur. Terracotta: Terracotta units are located in state of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Bastar. Hand printed textiles and scarves:Amroha, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Farrukhabad, Bagru and Sanganer consist of manufacturing units. Zari Products: Zari and zari products are manufactured at units located at Surat, Agra, Varanasi and Amritsar. Imitation Jewelry: Parts of Delhi, Moradabad, Sambhal, Jaipur and Kohima consist of manufacturing units for these jewelry products. Political View Industrial Policy: There are no restrictions regarding location for establishing manufacturing units. All producers of handicrafts are exempt from obtaining Industrial License to manufacture. The delicenced undertakings, however, are required to file an Industrial Entrepreneur Memoranda (IEM) in Part A with the Secretariat of Industrial Assistance (SIA), and obtain an acknowledgment. No further approval is required. Trade Policy: Handicraft products fall under the ITC (HS) code 97. Paintings, drawings and paintings, domestic articles of wood etc. which come under 9701 Original engravings falling under 9702 Original sculptures categorized under 9703 Products under the code 9704 are freely importable. Imports of items in 9705 are restricted. Characteristics of Indian Handicrafts for exports; as defined by Govt. of India are: They are quota free and neutral to fiber content or composition, barring 100% silk. They include Garments, Made-up and clothing accessories. Are produced in cottage industries. Should not have zippers. Must be ornamented using any one or more of the following Indian folk styles. Hand painting, Hand printing, Batik, Tie and Dye, Kalamkari. Hand embroidery, Crocheting. Appliquà © work of sequins, wooden or glass beads, shells, mirror, ornamental motifs of textiles materials. Extra wrap of welt ornamentation of silk, art silk or zari threads. Should conform to shape and styles of each item as defined in the agreed list of different countries. Should satisfy the dimensional aspects. Tariff-non-tariff Policy: Except for 9704, all the items under 97 attract a total import duty of 35.2 per cent. This includes a basic duty of 35 per cent and a special additional duty of four per cent. Items under 9704 do not attract any import duty. In India, handicrafts are distributed through following major Distribution Channels: Retailers/Direct Sales: This is the most common distribution channel for selling handicrafts in India. In India there are large number of retailers who provides wide range of handicrafts products. Wholesalers/Distributors: Apart from retail and direct sales channels, wholesalers and distributors also provide large range of handicraft products. Wholesalers can keep product stock in bulk and can sell direct to final consumer or retailer. E-Commerce: Internet has emerged as a one of the promising distribution channel for selling the handicrafts products. It is estimated that internet will be one of the major channel for the distribution of handicrafts products through E-Commerce. Export And Foreign Earnings Handicraft Industry has evolved as one of the major contributors for Export and foreign earnings: Exports of handicrafts including hand knitted carpets during 2005-06 were Rs.13412.92 Crore. Export items- Art Metal wares, Wood wares, Hand printed textiles, Embroidered and Crocheted goods, Shawls as art wares, Zari goods, Imitation jewelry, Carpets, Leather products, Jute products, Paintings, Bamboo products, Earthen ware, Marble Sculpture, Bronze Sculpture etc. Indias major export markets are USA, Germany, UK, France and Japan, Saudi Arabia, Canada, and Italy etc. Indian Handicraft Industry contributes very important role in Indian economy. For the proper functioning and operation of industry it is very essential to have some policies and regulation in place. In India, the Ministry Of Textile is responsible for the formulation of policy, planning, development, export promotion and regulation of the Handicraft Industry. There are several other bodies and organizations which help to formulate and execute these policies. All policies should be implemented for the greater development of the whole industry so that it can help to strengthen the economy. Industrial Policy: There are no restrictions regarding location for establishing manufacturing units. All producers of handicrafts are exempt from obtaining Industrial License to manufacture. The delicenced undertakings, however, are required to file an Industrial Entrepreneur Memoranda (IEM) in Part A with the Secretariat of Industrial Assistance (SIA), and obtain an acknowledgment. No further approval is required. Trade Policy: Handicraft products fall under the ITC (HS) code 97. Paintings, drawings and paintings, domestic articles of wood etc. which come under 9701 Original engravings falling under 9702 Original sculptures categorized under 9703 Products under the code 9704 are freely importable. Imports of items in 9705 are restricted. Characteristics of Indian Handicrafts for exports; as defined by Govt. of India are: They are quota free and neutral to fiber content or composition, barring 100% silk. They include Garments, Made-up and clothing accessories. Are produced in cottage industries. Should not have zippers. Must be ornamented using any one or more of the following Indian folk styles. Hand painting, Hand printing, Batik, Tie and Dye, Kalamkari. Hand embroidery, Crocheting. Appliquà © work of sequins, wooden or glass beads, shells, mirror, ornamental motifs of textiles materials. Extra wrap of welt ornamentation of silk, art silk or zari threads. Should conform to shape and styles of each item as defined in the agreed list of different countries. Should satisfy the dimensional aspects. Tariff-non-tariff Policy: Except for 9704, all the items under 97 attract a total import duty of 35.2 per cent. This includes a basic duty of 35 per cent and a special additional duty of four per cent. Items under 9704 do not attract any import duty. In India, handicrafts are distributed through following major Distribution Channels: Retailers/Direct Sales: This is the most common distribution channel for selling handicrafts in India. In India there are large number of retailers who provides wide range of handicrafts products. Wholesalers/Distributors: Apart from retail and direct sales channels, wholesalers and distributors also provide large range of handicraft products. Wholesalers can keep product stock in bulk and can sell direct to final consumer or retailer. E-Commerce: Internet has emerged as a one of the promising distribution channel for selling the handicrafts products. It is estimated that internet will be one of the major channel for the distribution of handicrafts products through E-Commerce. Easily availability on global basis and cost effective way has made Internet a good marketplace to buy, sell, and promote the products. Strengths: Large, diversified and potential market. There is large product variety and range is available because of diversified culture. It has strong, diversified and supportive retail infrastructure. Diversified product range that service different market. Cheap labor rates that result to competitive price. Need low capital investment. There is flexible production flexibility. Low barriers of new entry. Advantages and Critical Success Factors: Easy creation and development of production centers. There is no need for macro-investment. Industry provides potential sources of employment. Products are high value added, and handicrafts have various applications. It is the potential source of foreign revenue because of higher export. Weaknesses: Lack of infrastructure and communication facilities. Unawareness about international requirements and market. Lack of co-ordination between government bodies and private players. Inadequate information of new technology. Inadequate information of current market trends. Less interest of young people in craft industry. Lack of skilled labor. Still confined to rural areas and small cities and untapped market. Lack of promotion of products. Opportunities: Rising demand for handicraft products in developed countries such as USA, Canada, Britain, France, Germany, Italy etc. Developing fashion industry requires handicrafts products. Development of sectors like Retail, Real Estate that offers great requirements of handicrafts products. Development of domestic and international tourism sector. e-Commerce and Internet are emerged as promissory distribution channels to market and sell the craft products. Threats: Competition in domestic market. Balance between high demand and supply. Quality products produced by competing countries like China, South Africa. Better Trade terms offered by competing countries. Increased and better technological support and RandD facility in competing countries. Inspite of having diversified products, some part of Indian market is still untapped and market is price sensitive. Products are high priced in big and metro cities, which are beyond the reach of people belonging middle and lower middle class. Craft producers have to compete on price, quality and delivery for different segments. There is poor promotion for craft products in national market. There is lack of awareness about new traditions and among craftsmen It is difficult to balance the cultural and commercial value of handicraft products. Inadequate supply chain management and distribution reduces the sectors commercial viability and economic sustainability. Lack of Technological support and training. Lack of Research and development for key handicraft sectors like, ceramics, paper making etc. There is shortage of skilled craftsmen and labor to match the competition. Lack of ability to produce in large scale and create economies of scale. Inadequate material testing and performance measurement. Inappropriate energy supplies to rural and sub-urban areas. Untapped and inaccessible market due to poor transportation infrastructure. There are inadequate training centers to develop skilled craftsmen The primary objective is to create an environment that helps the industry to compete on the global basis. To build the environment that will focus on: Wealth Creation, Infrastructure Development, Training, Technological Development, and Poverty Alleviation etc. to enhance the sector performance. Awareness should be increased among craftsmen and customers through Trade Events, Seminars, Craft Forums and advertisements. More training centers should be opened to provide proper training to craft persons. There should be more trade shows to facilitate craft producers to access the market. Transportation infrastructure should be improved to access the untapped market that would be beneficial to reduce the transportation cost. Promotion of cultural tradition and heritage. Promotion of Indian Tourism to attract the foreign customers. Developing technologies to recycle natural resources to produce new products and ensure waste minimization, product durability and reliability. Promoting Partnership and collaboration with private sector. There should be market platform for craft producers belonging to rural areas to market their products. Development of electronic platform by using internet to provide information, database, and marketing and distribution solution. Increased Private participation in industry. There should be optimized distribution network and supply chain management. Through improving labor productivity in a high labor intensive and price competitive market. There should be proper balance between cultural and commercial value of craft products to sustain business opportunities. Through using low cost production methods the sustainability of small business can be improved. By implementing following model, the performance of Handicraft Industry can be improved and the greater Value addition can be done: Identify the Potential Market Making Effective Business Plan and Refinement in existing business Test Marketing to test the initial potential of new products in market Effective Operational and Technological Upgradation Hiring skilled manpower, provide training and awareness about latest technology and market trends and effective management. Hiring skilled manpower, provide training and awareness about latest technology and market trends. Cost Effective Production, Maintain Quality Standards, and Packaging. Set the Costing and Pricing with Quality taken to be consideration Cost Effective Distribution Development using both Physical and Electronic Distribution Channels (Internet, e-Commerce) Both National and International Market Development for better Export and Foreign Revenue. All India Handicrafts Board: The All India Handicrafts Board was established in 1952 to suggest various solutions for improvement and development in Handicraft Industry. Formulation of Plans, Assistance to State Govt. for planning and execution of schemes, and providing assistance for Marketing, Financial, and Organizational aspects of Handicrafts Industry. State and Union Territories: Every State and Union territories has different department for the development of Handicrafts Industry. Marketing, Promotion, Financial Aid to Small Scale Industries, and other programs are the functions of State level corporations. Central Corporations: The Handicrafts and Hand looms Export Corporation of India: It was established in 1962. Exports Promotion, Development of potential market execution of Whole Sale and retail Orders are major functions of organization. The Central Cottage Industries Corporation Pvt. Ltd.: It is a registered society that runs Central Cottage Industries Emporium in New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai to sell the Handicrafts products. The All India Hand loom Fabrics Marketing Cooperative Society Ltd.: This Cooperative Society is supported and promoted by All India Hand loom Board. It has various hand loom emporiums in all metro cities, Chandigarh, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad etc. and few branches in New York, Singapore etc. All India Organizations: All India Textile Handprinting Industries Federation: 1106 Prasad Chambers, Swadeshi Mill Estate, Mumbai, India. All India Federation of Zari Industry: Safe Deposit Chambers, Surat, Gujarat, India. All India Carpets Manufacturers Association: Post Box No. 63, Bhadohi, District Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Export Promotion Organizations and Councils: The All India Handicrafts Board (West Block VII, R.K. Puram, New Delhi- 110022): This organization is responsible for Export Promotion, Market Development, and Arranging Exhibitions etc. The Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council (D-15, Commerce Centre, 4th Floor, Tardeo Road, Bombay- 400001): This Organization is responsible for the promotion of Jewellery, Diamond, Stones, Pearls craft of the country. The Handicrafts and Handlooms Export Corporation of India (Jawahar Vyapar Bhavan, Anex-I, Tolstoy Marg, New Delhi 110001: It is Govt. undertaking and responsible for exports efforts of private sector promote Indian Participation in International Exhibitions. The Handloom Export Promotion Council (123, Mount Road, Chennai- 600006): It works for the export promotion of Indian Handlooms in the country. The Indian Institute of Foreign Trade: It provides Training Courses and publishes various survey reports. The Trade Development Authority of India: (Bank of Baroda Building, 16 Parliament Street, New Delhi- 110001). The Export Credit Guarantee Corporation (Express Towers, 10th Floor, Nariman Point, Bombay-400001): It provides exports credit intelligence, covers against various risks. The Export Inspection Council (14/1-b Erza Street, World Trade Centre, Calcutta- 700001): It is responsible for Quality Control Issues, and Pre-shipment Act. The Federation of Indian Export Organization (Allahabad Bank Building, 17 Parliament Street, New Delhi-110001) The Trade Authority of India (Pragati Maidan, New Delhi-110001): It was started in 1977 and works for exports and trade promotion and development. The Indian Handicraft Industry stands a unique place among all other industries. It represents the rich culture, tradition and heritage of India. Indias rich cultural diversity and heritage provides a unique and huge resource for developing craft products. The Indian Handicraft Industry is showing continuous growth rate of 20% every year and it is one of the most important segment of decentralized sector in India. Most of the part of industry operates in rural and semi urban areas throughout the country and have large and potential in Indian International market. Indian Handicraft Industry provides wide range of products because of countrys diversified culture, traditions and heritage. There is huge demand of Indian Handicraft products in international market. Industry provides ample opportunities for employment to people belonging to backward and weaker classes of society. However, Indian Handicraft Industry has the status of cottage industry in India, but it has shown promising growth and evolved as one of the major revenue generator over the years. It has shown continuous growth at the rate of 15-20% over the years and contributes major role for export and foreign earnings. Low capital investment, Cheap and skilled labor, Diversified product portfolio, Flexible Production are few important features of Indian Handicraft Industry. However, Lack of Infrastructure Technological support, Lack of awareness of international and new trends and Poor Promotional campaigns are a few drawbacks of industry which needs to be overcome. It is estimated that Handicraft Industry in India is all set to grow with rapid rate in future and contribute its share towards economic development handsomely. The model so called Model 5 forces developed by Michael E. Porter is the one used mostly among many authors who try to recognize industry in which there is manufactures. These Five Forces Analysis or Porters model of competitors forces is often used with PEST analysis to determine a position and possibilities on a market: strength of competition among manufactures that operates within fashion industry sophisticated technology, highly qualified personnel, greater capital for buying modern sewing machines (CAD/CAM) and positive influence of market growth, existence of other producers of garments who are ready to enter a market, investment in technology and development, emotional connection with fashion industry and an easy strategic movement ahead, customers start to change fashion products sophisticated technology, necessary training of personnel and on the other side global accessibility of some products by internet, consumers negotiation ability -a large demand and sophisticated technology and suppliers negotiation ability sufficient great and growing market and a global access by internet. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The problem that exists in our garment industry is that we analyze and follow trends that have already taken place on the fashion scene so while a collection is being accepted and the preparation for production is getting completed a new fashion demand is here, and the old one hasnt got accustomed yet. Fashion companies that do not invest in the development of products and production technology get into danger and cant keep place with fashion trend although they try hard. Markets researches, consumers wishes, requests, and criterium mean inevitable and dominant task for a producer of garments, because by obtaining all these information a production can be directed, business planned with advanced defined aims and strategies. Marketing enables greater flexibility and better organisation for more successful reaction to market demands. Market analyses are perhaps difficult procedures for fashion industry, because they need time to see strong sides and opportunities although they are too eager to identify weaknesses and threats. It is important to be aware that once when weaknesses are identified, some steps to change them can be taken by training, so there is possibility to make it a strong side. Thats why SSC and SWOT are useful techniques used to find out strong and weak points in a fashion industry. The way Levi Strauss Company succeeded by their own efforts to impose a new product LEVIS ENGINEERED JEANS (redesigned denim trousers that follow contour of a body ergonomically), it is an example how to use BCG matrix and GAP analysis that show us how market methods and techniques can be also used in our garment industry in order to meet demands of flexible production. Retailers in India have already started the concept of co-branded credit cards. A current example would be the aggressive salesperson in any Spencers store showcasing the HSBC-Spencers offering. Another vivid example would be the Future Group credit card which had TV ads across channels for quite some time. The response though had been lukewarm. With organized retail sales looking downward over the last year, especially in Q3 and Q4 of 2008-09, these offering had disappeared from the table. But, Q1 Q2 of 2009-10 have been particularly good, with around 15% growth in the sector on the back of a successful festive season. The new buzz word that is coming up in Retail circles is the Gift card, which is basically gift vouchers/certificates in the form of smart cards. They will be profitable for retailers as it will breed loyalty through repeat purchases. There will also be a significant portion of card value (10% in America: Economist) which are never redeemed. Retailers in India are still nascent when it comes to maintaining a comprehensive customer database, and this will be a small, yet significant step towards the same. The future for gift cards will yield many innovatively packaged offerings similar to the trends in America. A few examples from the Economist: Target: Gift cards that double as wind-up toys Gift cards through email Best Buy: multiple people can contribute small amounts for

Archaeology Essay -- essays research papers

Archaeology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a saying that goes: One must first have an understanding of the past in order to proceed into the future. An archaeologist’s job, therefore, is very important because they have the crucial role of interpreting the past through archaeological finds. How does an archaeologist go about doing this? How does he interpret his findings? How are the artifacts that he finds related to the behaviors of past humans? Concepts such as patterning and middle range theory are the main tools used for this interpretation of the past. Patterning is the regular relationship between material objects and space, and middle range theory is how the visible archaeological data can be related to past human behaviors or actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Patterning is used to interpret past human behavior because the products of human action usually suggest repetitiveness or a pattern of activity that can be discerned by the archaeologist. For example in the Olsen-Chubbuck site in Colorado, a bison graveyard was discovered of 190 bison. The pattern or relationship between the bones and how they were found gives the archaeologist clues as to how the bison were butchered. Some bones were found with spear points in the bodies, some whole skeletons were found closer to the bottom, and some bones were scattered all over. It can be inferred from the patterning of the bison bones that they were butchered differently. Middle range theory also plays a p...

This Way to the Gas

The holocaust, some know it to have been one if the most horrifying and bureaucratic events to be caused by man or a man in history. The man responsible for this event was the great tyrant Adolf Hitler who was responsible for the death of six million Jews, gypsies, poles, and Jehovah’s Witnesses. A polish writer and Auschwitz survivor Tadeusz Borowski buts in great detail how these people were treated in his then and now famous book this way for the gas ladies and gentlemen. Tadek a character in the story shows conflicting attitudes with other in the camp with sympathy, anger, and moral outrage.Borowski’s short stories show mans inhumanity towards man. There are events from the shorty stories that make his descriptions of the horrors of Auschwitz so shocking and memorable. Memories are short stories like the beginning of This Way for The Gas, A Day at Harmenz, The People Who Walked On, and Silence. In the beginning of the first story This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gen tlemen Borowski starts off with supersizing details â€Å"all of us walk around naked†(29). This is all the Jews and other travelers are ticked on the train being promised to a safe place.Then stripped away of their luggage at Canada, â€Å"take your luggage with you†¦pile your stuff near the exits†(37). Then everyone is stripped of his or her clothing â€Å"thousand of naked men shuffle up and down the road†(29). Women would have their hair shaved off, and everyone is given stripped suits. â€Å"Their nude, withered bodies stink of sweat and excrement; their cheeks are hollow†(31). Again very descriptive about how the malnourished and over worked people looked. These people were as close to skeletons as you could get.On page43 a women denies her on child after she cries out â€Å"Mama! Mama! † just so she won’t have to go to the gas champers. Also in this short story Tadek experiences some things that any man or women wouldn’t d ream of doing. â€Å"I seize a corpse by the hand; the fingers close tightly around mine. I pull back†(48). Tadek in this situation in taking all the dead bodies off the ramp and was discussed and freighted with what he saw. At one point he runs off the ramp because the sight was unbearable. The short story in the book A Day at Harmenz also gives graphic details on ow not only Tadek, but also how others tried to survive. The story begins with Tadek doing hard labor for punishment for not getting up. Mrs. Haneczka Is a women that lives in the village of Harmenz that treats him nicely and gives him food. So Tadek seems to like this women but short with others when people ask him to ask her for food. Tadek’s attitude towards other victims of the camp is expressed there. â€Å"When your time comes to go to the gas, ill help you along personally, and with great pleasure†(53).Tadek showing extreme and hate towards Becker because he believes he was a camp senior at a J ewish camp out side of Poznan and had his own son killed for stealing. Could you blame Tadek for being mad? When the time came for Becker to go to the cremo Tadek actually felt a little sympathy for him. Another example of brutality being shown was in on part of the story a man named Ivan had stole a goose and was furiously whipped, â€Å"the whip hissed. Deep, bloody gashes stood out on Ivan’s face†(79).Another important short story in the book was The People Who Walked On. In the story there’s a shift in tone, at least in the beginning of the story. The story opens up in a peaceful setting; building a soccer field. This is the total opposite then the frenzied horror of the first story. A soccer game on the outside of the fence on a warm day and inside the fence was hard labor. There is a women in the story that secretly has a child Tadek looks at the child and whispered to the mother, â€Å"what a pretty child†(89). â€Å"All you know is pretty!It can die at any moment†(89). The mother is not so happy about the birth of her own child but worried that it’ll be a matter of time before it dies from the gas champers. After that Tadek walks away as if it’s not his concern. This shows not only Tadek’s sudden change of feelings towards this women and her child, but shows the worry in the peoples eyes they have of thinking when the day will come for them to be sent to the gas. The story Silence was somewhat of a turning point in the book that has conflicting instincts of forgiveness vs. evenge. The Americans with the freedom are oblivious of how the prisoners felt or had to deal with in the camps. The statement Silence is about the freedom of the prisoners. In this story Borowski also suggest that human beings have a need for vengeance. â€Å" With hate dragged him into a dark ally†¦ they began tearing at him with greedy hands†(161). The quote shows great detail on how they take their anger and hatr ed on the S. S. soldiers how treated them like dogs. This even tells how the camp drove them to insanity.Not event the motivated speech by the American on page 163 could stop the prisoners from trampling the S. S. solider to death, showing how deep their hate went. Borowski along with other writers who have written about the holocaust serve a good purpose. That purpose is remembrance. Remembering tragic events like this is important because it helps us know and appreciate life that we have now. It’s important that the past things like this should be recognized so we wont be doomed to repeat it.

Dams and Reservoirs

Dams and Reservoirs A dam is any barrier that holds back water; dams are primarily used to save, manage, and/or prevent the flow of excess water into specific regions. In addition, some dams are used to generate hydropower. This article examines man-made dams but dams can also be created by natural causes like mass wasting events or even animals like the beaver. Another term often used when discussing dams is reservoir. A reservoir is a man-made lake that is primarily used for storing water. They can also be defined as the specific bodies of water formed by the construction of a dam. For example, the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in California’s Yosemite National Park is the body of water created and held back by the O’Shaughnessy Dam. Types of Dams One of the most common types of major dams is the arch dam. These masonry or concrete dams are ideal for narrow and/or rocky locations because their curved shape easily holds back water via gravity without the need for a lot of construction materials. Arch dams can have one large single arch or they can have multiple small arches separated by concrete buttresses. The Hoover Dam which is on the border of the U.S. states of Arizona and Nevada is an arch dam. Another type of dam is the buttress dam. These can have multiple arches, but unlike a traditional arch dam, they can be flat as well. Normally buttress dams are made of concrete and feature a series braces called buttresses along the downstream side of the dam to prevent the natural flow of water. The Daniel-Johnson Dam in Quebec, Canada is a multiple arch buttress dam. In the U.S., the most common type of dam is the embankment dam. These are large dams made out of soil and rock which use their weight to hold back water. To prevent water from moving through them, embankment dams also have a thick waterproof core. The Tarbela Dam in Pakistan is the world’s largest embankment dam. Finally, gravity dams are huge dams that are constructed to hold back water using only their own weight. To do this, they are constructed using extensive amounts of concrete, making them difficult and expensive to build. The Grand Coulee Dam in the U.S. state of Washington is a gravity dam. Types of Reservoirs and Construction The first and usually largest type of reservoir is called a valley dammed reservoir. These are reservoirs that are located in narrow valley areas where tremendous amounts of water can be held in by the valley’s sides and a dam. The best location for a dam in these types of reservoirs is where it can be built into the valley wall most effectively to form a water tight seal. To construct a valley dammed reservoir, the river must be diverted, usually through a tunnel, at the start of work. The first step in creating this type of reservoir is the pouring of a strong foundation for the dam, after which construction on the dam itself can begin. These steps can take months to years to complete, depending on the size and complexity of the project. Once finished, the diversion is removed and the river is able to flow freely toward the dam until it gradually fills the reservoir. Dam Controversy In addition, the creation of a reservoir requires the flooding of large areas of land, at the expense of the natural environment and sometimes villages, towns and small cities. The construction of China’s Three Gorges Dam, for example, required the relocation of over one million people and flooded many different archaeological and cultural sites. Main Uses of Dams and Reservoirs Another major use of dams is power generation as hydroelectric power is one of the world’s major sources of electricity. Hydropower is generated when the potential energy of the water on the dam drives a water turbine which in then turns a generator and creates electricity. To best make use of the water’s power, a common type of hydroelectric dam uses reservoirs with different levels to adjust the amount of energy generated as it is needed. When demand is low for instance, water is held in an upper reservoir and as demand increases, the water is released into a lower reservoir where it spins a turbine. Some other important uses of dams and reservoirs include a stabilization of water flow and irrigation, flood prevention, water diversion and recreation. To learn more about dams and reservoirs visit PBSs Dams Site. Rogun - 1,099 feet (335 m) in TajikistanNurek - 984 feet (300 m) in TajikistanGrande Dixence - 932 feet (284 m) in SwitzerlandInguri - 892 feet (272 m) in GeorgiaBoruca - 876 feet (267 m) in Costa RicaVaiont - 860 feet (262 m) in ItalyChicoasà ©n - 856 feet (261 m) in MexicoTehri - 855 feet (260 m) in Indialvaro Abregà ³n - 853 feet (260 m) in MexicoMauvoisin - 820 feet (250 m) in SwitzerlandLake Kariba - 43 cubic miles (180 km ³) in Zambia and ZimbabweKuybyshev Reservoir - 14 cubic miles (58 km ³) in Russia

Constitionality of Zoning Ordinances essays

Constitionality of Zoning Ordinances essays Testing the Constitutionality of Zoning and Character Ordinances for Nude Dancing The art of dance has been an avenue of free expression in cultures worldwide since human kind first set foot upon the earth, and the culture of the United States is no exception. However, when the clothes come off and the dancing takes on an exotic nature, the constitutional protection of the art form is often called into question. In Santa Barbara, a two-part ordinance involving the location and character of such establishments has brought to the forefront a fierce new first amendment debate. John Meinzer, owner of The Pink Flamingo nude dancing parlor, has brought before this court an objection to this ordinance, claiming that it discriminates against the content of the message he and his dancers are trying to convey. After reviewing the facts, precedent, and all other evidence, I argue that both parts of this ordinance fall under the rights of the city under first amendment review to perform its duty in protecting the welfare of its community. Under this new ordinance, adult entertainment would be permitted, but only in areas zoned for commercial and industrial uses. No adult entertainment businesses could be allowed within 500 feet of any residential area. They could be no closer than 700 feet from any house of worship, school, park or beach, and would have to be at least 1000 feet from each other. In this case, the amount of distances being specified are not the significant concern. Rather, the very existence of a restriction comes into question. In Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. (1986), The Supreme Court ruled in favor of a similar ordinance, which stated that no adult motion picture theatre could be located within 1,000 feet of any residential zone, single or multiple family dwelling, church, park or school. Because the ordinance does not ban the content of adult entertainment, it is properly recognized as a "...

Civilization and Its Discontents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civilization and Its Discontents - Essay Example The essay "Civilization and Its Discontents" talks about the central thesis of Sigmund Freud’s "Civilization and its Discontents" which is the assertion that the conflict between sexual needs and the societies restrictions is a big factor to human â€Å"dissatisfaction, aggression, hostility and ultimately, violence†. Given that the book was published in 1930, people’s mindsets were largely conservative, which led to protests and outcry against the book. But putting it in a purely scientific context, there is much truth in this thesis. Freud’s introduction to his book begins with the following lines: â€Å"Psycho-Analytic work has shown that these frustrations in respect of sexual life are especially unendurable to the so-called neurotics among us. These persons manufacture substitute-gratifications for themselves in their symptoms, which, however, are either painful in themselves or become the cause of suffering owing to the difficulties they create for the person's environment and society at large†¦ but culture demands other sacrifices besides that of sexual gratifications.† Further support for the Freudian view of human discontent could be found in Isabel Fonseca’s seminal work on the Gypsy tribes – Bury Me Standing. Fonseca attempts to decipher several aspects of the Gypsy way of life. The author shows that by virtue of remaining in their native geographies and not letting go of their primitive lifestyles, the Gypsies don’t live unfulfilled lives.

Compare the efficiency outcomes of the model of perfect competition Essay

Compare the efficiency outcomes of the model of perfect competition with that of monopoly markets. Discuss and evaluate the gove - Essay Example Perfect Competition Perfect competition is a model of market structure which attains what can one call efficient distribution of scarce resources. Such efficient allocation is attained due to the profit-maximizing level of goods manufactured by a seamlessly aggressive company results in the marginal cost and price becoming equal (Stigler 1957). As far as short run is concerned, this includes the short-run marginal cost and price being equal. On the other hand, in the longer duration this is observed with the parity between price and long-run marginal cost. In the short run the production of a homogenous product being produced by many other firms is efficient since the price is the same as marginal cost (Mankiw 2003). In other words the worth of the homogeneous product manufacturing is equivalent to the marginal cost of sacrificed satisfaction. Perfect competition creates efficient allocation of resources in the long run also. The long-run fine-tuning of companies arriving and leaving the industry as each of the companies in the business maximizes profits hence creating the subsequent long-run equilibrium state: P = SRMC = LRMC = SRAC = LRAC (Latzko 2012) Graphs above are showing perfect competition. ... Since consumer does not have any other options he or she is faced to buy from the single supplier. Economists recognize several ways of measuring or talking about the ways economies may be efficient; some of the most common include efficiency of scale, productive efficiency, technical efficiency, allocated efficiency, dynamic efficiency and social efficiency (Pindyck and Rubinfeld 2008). Efficiency types are not mutually exclusive; more than one can describe a market or economy. (Web-books 2012) Graph above is showing monopoly market determination of profit. Efficiency of Scale When a producer makes more of something, usually the expense of manufacturing per unit falls. There is limit to this effect; eventually, producing a greater quantity will no longer pay off. When production approaches this limit, there exists efficiency of scale (McConnell, Brue and Flynn 2011). Productive Efficiency Productive efficiency is achieved when a producer uses the least amount of resources to produce goods or services relative to others. The manufacturer might attain this by taking advantage of economies of scale or by utilizing the benefit of having the most helpful manufacturing technology, the lowest paid workers or negligible manufacturing waste. Technical Efficiency A prerequisite for allocative efficiency, technical efficiency describes production that has the least likely opportunity cost. Material and labor resources are not wasted in the production of goods or services in technically efficient production. When it's achieved, technical efficiency allows for but doesn't guarantee allocative efficiency. Allocative Efficiency When a society's value for a certain good or service (the amount they pay for it) is in equilibrium with the cost of